Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS), Digital Services (DS) and Barriers Faced by Women in International Trade in Services

This report explores the participation of women and women-owned businesses in trade in Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS) and Digital Services (DS) within the APEC region. While trade liberalization efforts increasingly emphasize inclusive growth, the gender dimension remains underexamined, particularly in digital services trade. Through statistical analysis and a targeted questionnaire distributed across APEC economies, the report identifies trade and regulatory barriers that disproportionately affect women. Findings highlight limited data availability, persistent regulatory obstacles, and the need for gender-responsive trade policies. The publication is structured in three chapters: an overview of trade flows and restrictions in KIBS and DS; survey results reflecting experiences and perceptions of barriers; and a set of evidence-based policy recommendations. These recommendations aim to improve women’s integration into global value chains and enhance their role in cross-border digital trade, contributing to APEC’s broader goals of sustainable and inclusive economic growth.